For something just a little bit different, computing experts at Claritas Solutions have created a list of eight of the most impressive supercomputers on planet earth.
Speaking with individuals who work in cybersecurity, hosting, software design and development, the company has selected eight machines both from the past and modern day which have been celebrated as achievements in supercomputing.
But before we delve into our list, please take a moment to familiarise yourself with the various ‘flops’ below in an attempt to debunk some of the tech jargon you are about to be bombarded with:
- Megaflop: A unit of computing speed equal to one million or (strictly) 1,048,576 floating-point operations per second.
- Gigaflop: A unit of computing speed equal to one thousand million floating-point operations per second.
- Teraflop: A unit of computing speed equal to one million million floating-point operations per second.
- Petaflop: A unit of computing speed equal to one thousand million million floating-point operations per second.
- Exaflop: A unit of a billion billion calculations per second.
Now that’s out of the way, without further or do, I give you the eight supercomputing wonders of the world.
- The Earth Simulator
The Earth Simulator Supercomputer stays true to its name. Developed by the Japanese government initiative ‘Earth Simulator Project’, it was a highly parallel supercomputer system designed for running global climate models to evaluate the effects of global warming, and problems in solid earth geophysics.
The Earth simulator was the fastest supercomputer in the world from 2002 – 2004. Its performance on the LINPACK benchmark was 35.86 teraflops, which was almost five times faster than the previous fastest supercomputer, ASCI White.
- IBM Roadrunner
The Roadrunner was a supercomputer built by IBM for the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, USA. The computer was designed to be a massive 1.7 petaflops machine and on May 25 2008, Roadrunner became the world’s first TOP500 LINPACK sustained 1.0 petaflops system. Credit goes to professor Jack Dongarra et al for their work on LINPACK and the Top500 project.
Roadrunner occupied approximately 296 server racks which covered 560 square meters (6,000 sq. ft). The Department of Energy (DOE) used the computer for simulating how nuclear materials age to predict whether the USA’s aging arsenal of nuclear weapons were both safe and reliable.
- The Cray-1
The Cray-1 was developed by a team led by the legendary Seymour Cray in 1975. It was a freon-cooled 64-bit system running at 80 MHz with 8 megabytes of RAM. The machine, using vector instructions, could yield a peak performance of 250 megaflops. Over 100 Cray-1’s were sold, making it one of the most successful supercomputers in history.
The famous C-shape was created in an effort to keep the cables as short as possible (the curve makes the distances on the inside shorter). Shorter cables allowed the system to operate at a higher frequency (80 MHz was insanely fast at the time).
- The Titan (OLCF-3)
The Titan or OLCF-3 is a supercomputer built by Cray at Oak Ridge National Laboratory for use in a variety of science projects. The Titan is an upgrade on the Jaguar, a previous supercomputer at Oak Ridge, and is the first such hybrid to perform at over 10 petaflops.
The Titan has a staggering theoretical peak of 27 petaflops and is currently the fourth fastest supercomputer on the planet, however it is due to be eclipsed by the Summit at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 2019.
- The Connection Machine 5
The CM-5 is one of the coolest, most futuristic looking supercomputers to date. You may even recognise this machine from the Island’s control room in Jurassic Park.
Used by the National Security Agency (NSA) back in 1991 and remaining operational until 1997, the ‘Frostburg’ computer was originally delivered with 256 processing nodes but was later upgraded in 1993 to a (then) massive 512 processing nodes and 2TB of RAM.
The CM-5 had a peak performance of 65.5 gigaflops and the futuristic looking lights on its side were not just for aesthetic reasons. The light panels would show processing node usage and were also used for diagnostics purposes.
- The Summit
The Summit, as of June 2018, is the most powerful supercomputer on the planet. It makes it to number three on this list simply due to its unprecedented power – the fastest in the world at 200 exaflops. Not only is it the most powerful, it is also the fifth most energy efficient supercomputer around.
The Summit is the first computer ever to reach mind-boggling exascale speeds, referred to as exaflops, or a billion billion calculations per second. Representing a thousand-fold increase over the first petascale computer that came into operation in 2008, the Summit is a beautiful representation of the rate of progress humanity has made over the past decade; simply incredible.
- MareNostrum 4
Image credit: Barcelona Supercomputing Centre – MareNostrum
MareNostrum is the name of the main supercomputer in the Barcelona Supercomputing Centre; its title coming from the Roman name for the Mediterranean Sea. The MareNostrum 4 supercomputer is housed in the deconsecrated and stunning Chapel Torre Girona at the Polytechnic University of Catalonia.
Operational since 2017, its peak power is 11.15 petaflops, the equivalent of being able to perform more than eleven thousand trillion operations per second and ten times more than the MareNostrum 3, which was installed between 2012 and 2013. Despite its power being ten times greater than that of its predecessor, it only increases energy consumption by 30%.
All in all, the MareNostrum is one of the most beautiful and striking amalgamations of old architecture and modern science that the world has ever seen.
- CDC 6600
The CDC 6600 was the flagship computer of the 6000 series of mainframe computers, manufactured by Control Data Corporation (CDC). The 6600 is considered to be the first and original successful supercomputer, outperforming the industries prior record holder with a performance of up to three megaflops.
The original was the world’s fastest computer from 1964 to 1969, when it eventually gave up its position to its successor, the CDC 7600.
Seymour Cray was a pioneer in the field, realising that before the 6600, there was a significant period of time where main memory was idle. It was this idle time that the 6600 exploited – instead of trying to make the central processing unit (CPU) handle all tasks, the 6600 CPUs handled arithmetic and logic only. This resulted in a much smaller CPU that could operate at a higher clock speed. Combined with the faster switching speeds of the silicon transistors, the new CPU design easily outperformed everything else available at the time.
This laid the foundations for the ‘hybrid’ approach to supercomputers which would pave the way for supercomputers in years to come.
